As Nazism was leading Germany into a dark age trajectory and as science policy and practice decayed into eugenics and materialism, Max Planck took a stand and remained behind in his homeland to defend the classical humanist traditions which represented everything which Hitler hated. Planck threw down an epistemological gauntlet to his contemporary scientists who were falling into a demoralization and intellectual decay caused by reductionism, radical determinism and the rise of the Copenhagen interpretation of the quantum which denied the existence of all truth and freedom of will.
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